Political polarization plays an increasingly prominent and formative role in American politics. Its effects are visible in how Americans feel about politics, how candidates for office win election, how compromises can (or, more often, cannot) be reached, and how U.S. institutions increasingly face risks in carrying out even ordinary functions, including periodic crises over shutdowns or defaults. Yet the meaning of political polarization for U.S. foreign policy has been overlooked. This report argues that polarization has begun to produce a great effect on how the United States makes policy, including policy toward allied and partner states. Since the

This article provides a historical overview of the development of the Turkish press since its beginning during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the Ottoman Empire and through various critical periods of the Turkish Republic. It explores, first, how the press and the printing houses developed during the last stages of the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, it reveals the abuses of the press, assassinations of many Turkish journalists and other important figures, and appearance of newspapers during times of critical transformations, like those of Tanzimat, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and the Young Turks. Second, it offers a detailed account and analysis of th

The Hui in China is a singular ethnic group. They speak Chinese but appear to have pursued a uniquely cultural evolution following immigration of its main grouping into China during the Mongol Yuan dynasty nearly eight centuries ago. But Hui societies only became evident in the first half of the 20th century, symbolizing Hui in–group consciousness; a nationwide semi–official China Huijiao [Islamic] Nation–Salvation Association was the national organization that played a significant part in uniting the Hui minority to support the Second Sino–Japanese War (The Resistance War against Japan) and in protecting the Hui minority in man

This Dirasat seeks to understand the present opposition in Congress and especially the Senate. First, it explains the indirect role that Congress can play in U.S. foreign policy, while highlighting the potential role of partisan polarization in U.S. foreign policy. Next, it provides context for the U.S.-Saudi relationship in Congress by examining past congressional actions with respect to the Kingdom. Finally, it examines congressional activity since the death of Jamal Khashoggi, focusing in particular on the coalition of senators that has formed to advance legislation critical of the Kingdom. &nbs

Massive protests in Algerian cities revealed the profoundness of a prolonged regime crisis. The candidacy of President Bouteflika for a fifth term ignited the eruption of intensified and escalated mass demonstrations since 22 February 2019, leading to unprecedented political and constitutional complexities in Algeria. This publication is currently not available in English

2016年初，有关极端组织“伊斯兰国”内部外国恐怖主义战斗人员的大量秘密文件泄露，随后包括伦敦国王学院极端主义国际研究中心（我曾在该中心做了一年半的访问学者）在内的几家学术机构和媒体得到了这些文件。本篇报告聚焦这些被泄露的文件，特别关注了曾加入“伊斯兰国”的沙特公民。  

始于1979年的伊朗伊斯兰革命持续对整个中东产生影响。黎巴嫩真主党和也门胡塞武装作为伊朗的代理人为伊朗效力，一直是反恐专家关注的焦点。如今，还有一些组织在帮助伊朗追求国际和地区利益，重视这些被伊朗利用的组织是非常重要的。 长期以来，伊朗一直视巴林为自己的第十四个省，并将巴林作为与沙特直接对抗的桥头堡，因此巴林对伊朗来说有重要的战略意义。 伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队将对巴林的直接军事行动列入优先议程。近年来，巴林饱受革命卫队领导下的极端恐怖组织的威胁，多次遭遇恐怖�

哈比布·白德维 日本在二十一世纪初对国际社会采取了名为“印太战略——自由与开放地区”的新路径，作为一个地缘政治概念来增强其领先的国际地位，通过建立国际关系网络来推动资本体系元素，人员和经济的自由和顺畅流动，并暗含限制中国的意图。  

穆罕默德·戴支尼 本文旨在研究沙特游客现象及其对土耳其旅游业的贡献。本文聚焦于特拉布宗，因为它是接待沙特游客最多的土耳其城市。文章也阐述了沙特游客现象，及其如何发展、如何在经济、文化和社会上为土耳其旅游业做贡献。沙特赴土旅游的政治、经济、文化原因是什么？为什么特拉布宗是最吸引沙特游客的城市？这种沙特游客数量攀升的事态如何使其服务城市基础设施建设、提高政府服务水平、促进当地文化发展、促进劳动力市场发展？这种现象的�

穆娜·阿勒米 伊拉克人民动员组织的部分机构完成了转型，从之前由极端主义战士构成的松散组织变成了半主动的国家机器，这是由于该组织的多个首脑在最近的伊拉克大选中打着“法塔赫运动”的旗号大获全胜，使得他们能控制部分国家机构。人民动员组织于2014年建立，当年在总理努里·马利基的号召下，由多个武装组织在“人民动员”的旗号下合并而成，并在国内最重要的什叶派人物——阿亚图拉阿里·西斯塔尼的号召下打击“伊�